How to choose the right A levels

Nobody expects a 16 year old student to know what they want to do with the rest of their lives. There are some 30 year olds who still don't know! However, it is worth bearing in mind that your choice of A Level subjects can greatly affect your future university prospects... Certain courses require certain A Levels Some university courses require applicants to have the right grades in the right A Level subjects. Some of them are no-brainers, but some might surprise you... Want to do a pharmacy course at university? You'll need to have chemistry, as well as at least one from maths, physics, and biology. Think English is the future course for you? It should go without saying that English literature and English language should be included in your A Level choices. Planning on studying Economics at university? Maths A Level is a must, but economics A Level isn't always necessary! Hoping to study Geology some day? You'll need at least two A Levels from maths, physics, biology, and chemistry. Are you still unsure about university? If you think you probably want to go to university but you're unsure what you want to study then there are several things you can do. If you have a particular talent for music or art, for example, choose an A Level in this if you think you'll want to pursue it. There are also several facilitating subjects that you can study at A Level which will open up multiple courses to you... English Maths History Geography Biology Chemistry Physics Modern languages Remember that A Levels are tougher than GCSEs There's quite a big jump up from GCSE to A Level because they're gearing you up for the intensity and autonomy of studying for an undergraduate degree. If you want to succeed at A Level you'll need to put much more work in than you think. Bearing this in mind, try to choose your A Level subjects based on future career plans, subjects you enjoy, and subjects you think will be of benefit to you in your future education. Many universities don't mind what A Levels you did Don't let the information above scare you too much when it comes to choosing your A Level subjects! There are many courses that you can get onto regardless of what subjects your A Levels are in. Of course, you'll still need to meet the grade or points requirement to get onto the course. The following courses are examples of those which are typically open to students with the right grades in any subject:

Psychology of Criminal Minds Essays

Psychology of Criminal Minds Essays Psychology of Criminal Minds Paper Psychology of Criminal Minds Paper ISU Part III Topic: The psychology of Criminal Minds Focus of Research: Effects of abuse in early childhood How abuse affects adolescents Effects of abuse on early adulthood How abuse at younger ages triggers violence into late adulthood. Type of Primary Research: I choose to do a questionnaire because it is helpful to know what students our age know about criminal behaviors and how their minds work. Also about how much they know about the factors that affect them during their lifetimes that lead up to them being criminals. The questionnaire will be for 30-40 adults and students. I will ask older friends and students from Pickering High School to complete the questionnaire to base it on their prime knowledge. The questionnaire contenders will complete the survey with either straight yes or no answers or simple answers or with more of an explanatory answer including detail and listing what is asked of them. The questions will aim at how they think criminals are and how their brain works specifically within the developmental periods. The results from this questionnaire will be included in the final report and it will be compared to how much young adults know about crime and what the reality is. Sample Questions: To what degree do you think spanking is acceptable? Do you think that spanking is a form of abuse? Do you agree that children who are aggressive and violent at childhood are most likely to become criminal offenders at adolescence and late adulthood? What in your opinion makes young children who are abused susceptible to becoming young offenders? What do you think triggers violence in criminals? Name the different types of aggression your familiar with. What in your opinion makes a person a susceptible target for criminals? Do you think that serial killers are naturally insane or are there some kind of chemical imbalances?

9.Is gambling an irrational form of consumption Essay

9.Is gambling an irrational form of consumption - Essay Example Johnson et al. (1999, p.19) tried to identify the taxation provisions that refer to gambling in UK and came to the conclusion that ‘betting-shop gamblers in the UK face a tax on gambling of 10%, but have the choice of paying the tax either at the time of wager or on any return on a successful bet; more than 18% of bets appear to be placed by gamblers who choose to pay tax on the return.’. The above study focuses on a particular aspect of gambling, the taxation. However, gambling is not only part of the national economy. It is mainly a human activity that needs to be explored as of its reasons. In the literature, gambling has been related with the consumption; it is stated by many theorists and researchers (the relevant views are presented in the sections that follow) that gambling is rather an ‘irrational’ form of consumption. The validity of this assumption will be proved through the analysis that is made in the paragraphs that follow. Gambling should be characterized as the activity of spending money on various types of games that offer the chance of profit (the monetary amount spent in gambling is less from the amount expected to be received). The level of the money spent on gambling and the chances for achieving a specific profit are depended on the terms and the conditions of each game. Through the years, gambling has been expanded in the Internet. Regarding this issue, the study of Brindley (1999, p.281) showed that ‘gambling via interactive technology is already underpinned by two recent changes in consumer behaviour: first, increasing familiarisation with interactive technology and second, by changes in the way the gambling market operates; the synergy between marketing gambling and technology will transform the production and consumption of gambling’. In other words, the characteristics of gambling are expected to be changed continuously following the trends of the

Marketings role is to encourage consumption (Lazer, 19691). This Essay

Marketings role is to encourage consumption (Lazer, 19691). This statement is as true now as it was in 1969. Debate - Essay Example Marketing is a progressing field, one that believes in providing success to the stakeholders who are involved within the different reigns of the same. This success is measured in terms of the relative values of business processes and undertakings. Marketing’s long term success is measured by the kind of opportunities that are unveiled over a period of time relative to the problems that the resources have had (Buxton 2002). The statement of marketing being a significant factor within the encouragement of consumption is true even to this day, more so due to the advantages that marketing has on the pertinent role of the business. This paper takes a deep and incisive look at the way marketing has been seen as an enabling agent with regards to consumption and the eventual sale which in essence has been the case since 1969 and even beyond. If the customer does not come back to buy a product, there is no use of marketing it. However this would be a very negative stance on the part of the organization under question. Any organization would dearly require its line of products to make a sale time and time again. This will enable the organization to understand the psyche of the customers in a very amiable way. Similarly this was a precedent which was followed even in the yesteryears, for instance 1969 when marketing was thought of as being an important instigator within the consumption avenues. What makes the whole debate even more significant and interesting lies in the fact that this is the case even in the time and age of today and one can easily predict that marketing will continue to play its due role in a similar capacity in the days to come (Fink 1973). Marketing is a very unpredictable entity but its results can be gauged over a period of time only if the related settings are taken into consideration. These could i nclude the ways and means through which customers, employees and stakeholders merge in a singular capacity to bring

Marketing DB Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing DB - Coursework Example The reason to move ahead is indeed the atmosphere that one is talking about here. The shopping experience at a retail store becomes more satisfying when the aura and aromas get manifested in the most proper sense. This means that this experience gets better if the aura and aromas are highlighted in a positive fashion – one that suggests immense room for a better retail experience for the end consumer. If the consumers are given a smell that they would like to feel good about, they will definitely visit this retail store (Frazier, 1996). Similarly, if they are welcomed by an activity which is indeed a hallmark of the retail chain, they shall do every effort to be there and thus finish their joyride as well as accomplish their shopping mission. The need is to understand what the consumers want and how they are going to achieve what they have in mind. This suggests that the retail experience needs to be defined and later on re-defined to have a cumulative stance so that the consumers are always at a benefit. The vertical management system is a channel arrangement where one of the channel members might own some of the others and bring upon them its influence which is available in the wake of better power that comes from bargain, contracts and other requirements. The implications and opportunities of this VMS channel arrangement for my company is that it will aim to better the relationships that exist amongst the channel members and allow them to grow beyond the expected returns. This will enable the channel members to bring their best to the fore and give the best price in terms of bargains and so on. Eventually the consumers’ shopping experiences would become better and they will get the best deals and discounts which are available within the related industry. The retail format that is most appropriate for my company since it is CAD and based on a computer is an online model. This will bring immense

Enigma and Lorenz Machines Their Contribution to Computing

Enigma and Lorenz Machines Their Contribution to Computing The purpose of this report is to understand the working of cryptography by studying the working of Enigma and Lorentz machines which were used by Germans during World War II. The report will also discuss the effect of the invention of this machines on modern day cryptography. Cryptography has been helping humans to transmit information in secured way but the popularity of cryptography was limited to certain individuals and it was not used widely. During World War II the demand of cryptography increased which resulted in invention of Lorentz and Enigma machine by Germans. The encrypted information was important to Britains to gain an edge over the Germans war strategies, hence a research center was constructed in Britains to decode the encoded information. The report discusses the working of Enigma and Lorentz machine and the various methods adopted by Britains to decode the encoded information. The report will conclude by studying the effect of the creation of the encrypting and decrypting machines on the modern-day computing. Cryptography play an important role in humans daily interaction with technological devices, with the advent of computing devices and internet it has become extremely important to hide private information. We often wonder how we can transfer money through internet or by using ATM cards. The sensitive personal information such as bank details are transferred securely through internet which is available to everyone. This paper tracks the events which contributed to the development of modern day cryptography and discusses the development in the field of cryptanalysis. Cryptography is the science of secretly transferring information from one point to another so that the information is reliably transferred from one point to another, which is unintelligible to all receiver of information except the intended user. The aim of the cryptography is to prevent eavesdroppers from understanding the message. (A. Eskicioglu and L. Litwin, 2001) The human want of secrecy of information has resulted in the invention of cryptography. Ciphers were created to hide personal information. The need to securely transmit information has increase with the advent of modern communication. Confidential information such as Business plan, financial transaction which are send over internet needs to be transferred in a secured way. Since, internet is available to everyone it important to encrypt the information which is being transferred (Zwicke, 2003). The basic working of encryption can be divided into three parts: Encryption: Cryptography works by modifies the original information (termed plain text in cryptography) which is in readable form to encrypted form (termed ciphertext in cryptography) which is not easily interpreted by unauthorized person. The encryption process scrambles the plaintext by combining it with a key which is a random sequence of letters or numbers and produces ciphertext. Transmission Once the information is encrypted it is transferred to the intended user by various methods. For example, it could be transferred by writing it on paper or can be send via complicated modern wireless system. Decryption: After the information is received by the intended person the person tries to decode the information with a key. The key is unique and usually only the receiver has the key to decode the information (An introduction to cryptography, n.d.). 3.1 Stream cipher Stream cipher is an encryption algorithm which encrypts one bit of data in one cycle of its operation. The stream cipher uses infinite stream of pseudorandom bits of key to encrypt the plaintext. The robustness of the stream cipher depends on the algorithm which is used to produce the key. Since, repetition in the key can cause the stream cipher to be easily predicted and the encrypted text could be easily decrypted (Villanueva, 2015). The working of the stream cipher is explained below: As discussed above encryption works by combining the plain text Xi with key Si to produce ciphertext Ci . The combining process uses modulo 2 operation which is the modulus between the bits of the plaintext and ciphertext. We can denote this mathematically as Ci = Xi à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Si To decrypt the message the same key stream is used which was used for encrypting the message. Mathematically this can be stated as Xi = Ci à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Si   (C. Paar, J. Pelzl) The diagram below summarizes the entire process: Figure 1 Encryption and decryption with stream cipher. Reprinted from Understanding cryptography, by C. Paar, J. Pelzl, (n.d.), Retrieved from http://bit.ly/2mEit9i Copyright by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Enigma machine eliminated the human effort of encryption by automating the process of encryption. The use of enigma machine during World War II was done to secretly transmit the classified information to remote military units. The enigma was electro-mechanical machine which encoded the character stream to cypher text. The simplest version of the enigma machine had three motors which are interconnected with each other. It also has a plug board which is a board to interconnect letters to improve the encryption of the enigma machine. A keyboard was used to input the characters to be encoded by the machine. A light board was used to display the encrypted letter of the plaintext character. Figure 2 Enigma How the machine worked. Reprinted from The guardian website, by Hern, Alex, (2014, Nov 14), Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/14/how-did-enigma-machine-work-imitation-game Copyright Simon Singh. 4.1  Working The working of enigma machine was simple. When the operator types the letter on keyboard electric signal is generated. The signal then passes through the plug board which substitutes the letter per the connection of the plug board. The signal then passes through the three rotors with internal wiring. This is where the actual encryption takes places. As mentioned above each motor consists of 26 steps of rotation before making one complete cycle. The arrangement of the three motors was such that when the first motor completes a full rotation the second motor would move by one step. The same step is applicable for third motor. After passing through the connection of motors the signal is then reflected and again passes thorough the plug board. After passing through the plug board the signal lights up the appropriate letter on the light board providing the encrypted letter of the plain text character. The Lorentz machine was developed by C. Lorentz in Berlin. In 1940s Germans saw the need to establish secured communication between German high command in Wà ¼nsdorf close to berlin and German army throughout Europe. With the invention of mechanical machine and electronic boards it became possible to build a machine capable of encrypting the message which was send to remote army. The Lorenz machine was used for sending tactical information (Smart, n.d.). Lorentz machine uses Lorentz cipher which was based on Baudot code. Lets discuss about the working of Baudot code. Baudot Code: It used five bit of data to encode characters. Baudot code was a standard means of communication via teleprinter. Since five bits were insufficient to represent all the characters on the keyboard. Hence the code was divided into two states called letter shifts and figures shifts. To toggle between the two states a control character was used, there were other characters which had special functions such as space. To understand the working of Baudot code lets take an example of encrypting the word Hello. The first step is to fill the Paper tape with holes and insert the paper tape into telegraph to send the message. To punch holes in the paper tape the position of the holes needs to be determined which was obtained from the Baudot code table. These holes were converted to bits and then transferred by teleprinter. Figure 3 The Baudot printing telegraphy system. Second Edition. Reprinted from Circuitousroot website, by Pendry, H, W. (1919) Retrieved from http://www.circuitousroot.com/artifice/telegraphy/tty/codes/ 5.1 Lorenz Cipher The Baudot code is taken as input by the Lorenz cipher. The Lorenz cipher consisted of 12 motors which are separated into 3 pairs. Each motor had different number of pins on it as shown in figure below: Figure 4 An Enigma machine rotor. Reprinted from Plus magazine website, by Ellis Claire. (2005, Mar 1). Picture retrieved from https://plus.maths.org/content/exploring-enigma Copyright by Simon Singh Each pin could store either 0 or 1 based on the configuration of the machine. The configuration of the machine (setting the starting position of each motor) was performed by the operator of the machine and the same configuration of the machine was used at the receiving end to decrypt the message. The Lorentz machine was divided into three pairs of motors as shown below: Figure 5 The internal working of the Lorentz cipher machine. Reprinted from the Rochester institute website, by Payne, Japnce. (n.d.), Retrieved from https://people.rit.edu/japnce/payne/images/rotorsall.png The three pair of motors are termed as K, M, and S. The description of each pair of motors is discussed below: K motors: These consist of 5 motors with following pin configuration K1=41, K2=31, K3=29, K4=26, K5=23. This set of motors shift by one pin for every character which was encoded. M motors: These consist of 2 motors with following pin configuration M1=61, M2=37. This set of motors shift by one pin for every character which was encoded. Further the output of the M motors decided whether the S motors should be rotated by one pin or should remain unchanged. S motors: These consist of 5 motors with following pin configuration S1=43, S2=47, S3=51, S4=53, S5=59. This set of motors shift by one pin based on the output of M motors. Working The 5 bits of the characters are first X-OR with the 5 bits of K motor. The output is then again X-OR with the 5 bits of S motors to get the cypher text. At the receiving end since the Lorentz cipher is a symmetric cipher, the same configuration is used to set up the Lorentz machine at receiving end and the encrypted message is decrypted. The mathematical formula of the encryption and decryption process is as follows: Suppose Message = M, Cipher text = C, Cypher = E M à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ E = C (Encryption) C à ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ E = M (Decryption) (Smart, n.d.) Most of the technology that was in existence during World War II was like that which was used in World War I. The telegraph, which was type-printed using a typewriter was widely used commercially and by military personnel. In the late 1800s an Italian scientist, Guglielmo Marconi discovered the radio communication. However, it wasnt until the early 1900s that this technology was adopted for military purposes. It was the year 1914 and most major military powers of the world has started relying extensively on this technology but there was a problem there were no security mechanisms in place for a wireless signal to hide the messages being transmitted. The U.S. soon used a more sophisticated version of this technology as soon as Frequency Modulation was invented in 1920. Figure 6 Soldier during World War II using telegraphic switchboard Another important element of communication technology invented before and during the World War II was the RADAR technology. Developed by the U.S. navy for military use, these were signals sent in the microwave wavelength. It was an entirely new way of surveillance that enabled the allies to see in total darkness and find out about enemy ships in the distant sea or air.   Radar used small-short signals that were sent into a direction using an antenna. This would return the position and speed of an object which would serve as a critical early warning tool. Radar navigation implementation by the German bombers meant that the previous tactics of indiscriminate, area-based bombing was now replaced by more accurate precision targeting. Then there were the German fire control radars, Lichtenstein SN2 was mounted on top of airplanes and had an effective range of 2.5 miles. A methodology that had been in existence for a quite a while but was found of prime use during the World War II was Cryptography. Cryptography emerged as the saving grace to answer all questions about the immense need of secrecy. Cryptography had been in existence for over a thousand years but it wasnt until the early 19th century that mathematicians came together to build a machine that would be used for a very specific purpose send messages during times of war. During this period, Cypher machines were developed under extreme secrecy. These machines were of the mechanical and electromechanical kind. Out of the two, the later were developed by Germans into what they called the Enigma machine Allies and enemies developed and adopted the use of cryptographic communications of all sorts during this period. While Germans were focusing on techniques to build machines for encryption, the UK was busy trying to perform cryptanalysis on these machines. Numerous machines came out of Germany that used cryptography in its own unique way. FISH, as the UKs Bletchley Park codenamed them, were a series of German stream ciphers developed during the World War II era. The enigma in the early 1920s which was of the electro-mechanical sort that used a keyboard, rotors and a spindle to do the tricks. Another machine known as the Lorenz cipher was simultaneously developed as a form was a rotor stream cipher and started its use in military since 1941 in a SZ form. The tunny cipher as it was called was used for wireless telegraphy which eventually and unfortunately for the Germans, quite soon led to the interception of its messages. Poland came up with its own cryptographic machine called Bomba, which meant cryptographic bomb in Polish. While there is less information available about why it was named so, Bomba was a glorified Enigma machine in more ways than one. It was developed after the mathematician and its creator, Marian Rejewski studied by breaking apart an Enigma. Put simply, it was a multiple Enigma machine that used an electrical power aggregate of six Enigmas. Most countries like Poland, United States and the UK devoted their time and resources in cryptanalysis of these machines. Bletchley Park in England was extremely instrumental in bringing about a new era with the cryptanalysis or code breaking of messages that were being transmitted by the Germans during the World War II. The Lorenz machine was a stream cipher that encoded/streamed electrical pulses over a telephone line. The technique used was something we call XOR today which is an addition operation. A key property of XOR is that if one was to run the Ciphertext through the same key again, the original message could be found. The exploitation of this very concept of the Lorenz cipher led to its success cryptanalysis. One day after a 4000-letter message was sent out to Vienna, the sender who encodes the message received a response from the receiver asking to resend the message since they had not received the message. The sender reset the Lorenz machine and started to abbreviate a few words to make the process quicker. At this time, Bletchley Park had two copies of the same message and the prime mistake was that both were sent using the same key. The folks at Bletchley park were not just great mathematicians, but they also had an exceptional sense of awareness. They proceeded to add the two messages together, essentially cancelling out the keys. They were now left with two messages added together and then John Tiltman, an experience code breaker who not just able to figure out the message, but also figured out the key. John Tiltman gave this key to Bill Tutte, a young graduate from Cambridge who liked solving puzzles. He was able to out the length of the key by writing it down in rows with the aim to find out patterns. Bill Tutte found that the pattern of the wheel on the right had a period of 41. However, the pattern was not perfect and had an element of randomness which suggested that a wheel on the left was used that moved only sometimes. This information was enough for other mathematicians to jump onboard and fully figure out the Lorenz machine. The Enigma on the other hand had multiple variations in the structure of the machine throughout its useful life to be cracked at one go. The earlier versions of the Enigma were using a 3-rotor structure which was used as the main subject by the Polish Cipher Bureau. Marian Rejewski who worked for the bureau made significant developments in breaking the Enigma, without having much access to any of the official information about its inner workings. Rejewski developed a bomba machine in the process, this cryptanalysis machine was build using the observations Rejewski gathered that showed that the first three letters of a message were the same as the second three. Rejewskis method failed when in 1938 the Germans increased the rotors to include two additional ones. It was Alan Turing who developed a sophisticated Bombe that used statistics and the Bayes law for calculating the probability to narrow down on the number of possibilities. The bombe machines were also quickly updated to test the hypothesis. Figure 7 The British Bombe currently in display at the Bletchley Park Alan Turings Bombe was composed of drums which together simulated an enigma and each drum replicated the functioning of one rotor of the machine. The objective of the Turings bombe was to find out the key used by the Enigma, the starting position of the rotors and the steckers or plugs. The drums were designed to move from a set starting position every time. The movement was designed with the help of statistics and the Bayes law, hence the key space was greatly reduced thereby reducing the run time. Alan Turing has been regarded as one of the biggest contributors to defeating the German navy by helping the Allied Forced during the World War II. It is believed that the British employed 200 Bombes during the Second World War and collectively these Bombes decoded 4000 messages on any given day. The cryptanalysis of the Enigma is believed to have contributed to saving millions of lives and is identified as a prime reason why the war ended years before what it couldve lasted. Britains World War II codebreakers were centrally located at Bletchley Park, a code-breaking center run by the United Kingdom Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS). They primarily focused on deciphering German Enigma and Lorenz communications and producing Ultra intelligence (Hinsley, 1996). Ultra was the designation for high level encrypted Axis-power intelligence the codebreakers intercepted and decrypted (Hinsley, 1993). Ultra-intelligence generated by decrypted Enigma and Lorenz signals is credited with shortening the war, and without it the outcome of the war may have been different (Hinsley, 1996). The Enigma machine was the Germans primary encryption method during the war. Alan Turing, working at Bletchley Park in 1939, created the Bombe, which was an electromechanical machine used to decrypt Enigma ciphers (Smith, 2007). Gordon Welchman refined the Bombe in 1940 with a diagonal board, increasing the Bombes efficiency (Budiansky, 2000). Welchmans diagonal board addressed the plug board vulnerability in the Enigma. The Bombe was based on the Bomba, a Polish machine designed to break Enigma ciphers, which was created by Marian Rejewski (Kozaczuk, 1984). The creation of the functional Bombes led to Allies deciphering of Enigma signals. Beginning in 1940, Germany started developing more advanced machines that used the Lorenz cipher. The first was called the SZ40 machine, which was codenamed Tunny by the British codebreakers at Bletchley Park, and was followed by subsequent versions (SZ40A, SZ40B, and SZ42 (Copeland, 2006). These machines produced more complex ciphers than the Enigma, and were ultimately defeated by the 1+2 break in method created by Bill Tutte (Copeland, 2006). Multiple advanced decryption machines were designed to combat the Lorenz ciphers. First was the British Tunny Machine, which replicated the functions of the SZ40 machines. With the proper cam settings, it was able to produce clear text from cipher text that was input into it (Hinsley, 1993). Built on the Tunny machines, the Heath Robinson, or Robinsons, were created to automate the 1+2 break in (Copeland, 2006). They ran paper tapes to find the wheel settings of the Lorenz machine. Although they were functional, issues with keeping the paper tapes synchronized and slow processing speed limited their effectiveness (Copeland, 2006). Working on the Robinsons at Bletchley Park, Tommy Flowers was instrumental in the advancement of the Colossus computer. Colossus was capable of faster processing than the Robinsons due to processing electronically. This also allowed for only one paper tape, which did not have to be synchronized with another and could be run at a faster speed, around 5,000 characters per second (Copeland, 2006). Although the Colossus computer was created first, the American ENIAC was often credited for being the first electronic digital computer ever made. This was caused by Colossus being shrouded in secrecy after World War II. The term computer originally referred to a human operator who performed mathematical computations. As the need for more demanding and complex computations increased, a push for electronic or digital computing began (Copeland, 2006). Computers like Colossus and ENIAC were called program-controlled computers, in which programs each computer was to process were not stored in the computers memory they had to be manually programmed. For Colossus and ENIAC, this involved modifying wiring by hand using plugs and switches. Modern computers utilize a stored-program concept, in which the programs a computer runs are stored in that computers memory (Copeland, 2006). The concept of the modern computer started with Alan Turing in 1936. He described a universal computing machine, containing limitless memory that stored both data and programs. A scanner would process the data based on the selected program. The use of any program with the data allowed the computer to process any calculation a human could, making it universal. Being universal allowed the computer to switch from one task to another, as opposed to a completely different and unique machine needing to be created for each individual task (Copeland, 2006). Turings concept can be seen in modern computing today, where personal computers and mobile devices (smartphones, etcetera) store both data and programs, and can easily switch between different tasks based on the users needs. Programming to achieve a particular task is relatively simple in comparison installing a program in a modern computer is much less complex compared to rewiring something like the Colossus computer or creating a completely new machine entirely. As discussed, the Germans and Axis powers used Enigma and Lorenz ciphers heavily for their encrypted communications in World War II. The decryption of Enigma and Lorenz was key for the Allies and the development of Ultra intelligence, which likely shortened the war by years. In the end, the need for decrypting Enigma and Lorenz was the initial catalyst the eventually led to modern computing. Colossus, being the first electronic computer, spearheaded the push into the modern stored-program concept that computers and modern devices use today. Without this need for computing power, the world may well have progressed in a much different way. References Budiansky, S. (2000). Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. Free Press: 1734. Cooper, S., Leeuwen, J. (2013). Alan Turing: His Work and Impact. Saint Louis, U.S.: Elsevier Science. Copeland, B., ed. (2006). Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Parks Codebreaking Computers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Enigma Machine. (2006). In J. Merriman J. Winter (Eds.), Europe Since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction (Vol. 2, pp. 964-966). Detroit: Charles Scribners Sons. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRLsw=wu=csuf_mainv=2.1it=rid=GALE%7CCX3447000319sid=exlibrisasid=50a327ace003888aadf98172a87c0eb6 Eskicioglu, A., Litwin, L. (2001). Cryptography. IEEE Potentials, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 36-38. doi: 10.1109/45.913211 Hinsley, F. H. (1993). The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120706194507/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/Historical/hinsley.html Hinsley, F. H. Stripp, A. (1993). Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kidwell, P. (2007). Technology and Culture. 48(3), pp. 663-664. Retrieved March 9, 2017, from JSTOR database. Kozaczuk, W. (1984). Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America. Paar, C., Pelzl, J. (2010). Understanding Cryptography. Dordrecht, London, New York: Springer-Verlag. Smart, N. (n.d.). Cryptography: An Introduction. Retrieved from http://www.cryptocellar.org/files/NP_Smart_Cryptography.pdf Smith, M. (2007) [1998]. Station X: The Codebreakers of Bletchley Park. London: Pan McMillan Ltd. The Ohio State University Fisher College of Business. (n.d.). An Introduction to Cryptography. Retrieved from https://fisher.osu.edu/~muhanna.1/pdf/crypto.pdf Villanueva, J. (2015). An Introduction to Stream Ciphers and Block Ciphers. Retrieved from http://www.jscape.com/blog/stream-cipher-vs-block-cipher Welchman, G. (2005). The Hut Six Story: Breaking the Enigma Codes. Cleobury Mortimer, England: MM Baldwin. Zwicke, A. (2003). An Introduction to Modern Cryptosystems. SANS Institute. Retrieved from https://www.giac.org/paper/gsec/2604/introduction-modern-cryptosystems/104482

Analysis of Keats To Autumn Essay -- Keats To Autumn Essays Poetry

Analysis of Keats' To Autumn  Ã‚   John Keats' poem To Autumn is essentially an ode to Autumn and the change of seasons. He was apparently inspired by observing nature; his detailed description of natural occurrences has a pleasant appeal to the readers' senses.   Keats also alludes to a certain unpleasantness connected to Autumn, and links it to a time of death.   However, Keats' association between stages of Autumn and the process of dying does not take away from the "ode" effect of the poem.      The three-stanza poem seems to create three distinct stages of Autumn:   growth,   harvest, and death.   The theme going in the first stanza is that Autumn is a season of fulfilling, yet the theme ending the final stanza is that Autumn is a season of dying.   However, by using the stages of Autumn's as a metaphor for the process of death, Keats puts the concept of death in a different, more favorable light.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the first stanza, the "growth" stanza, Keats appeals to our sense of visualization.   The reader pictures a country setting, such as a cottage with a yard full of fruit trees and flowers.   In his discussion of the effects of Autumn on nature, Keats brilliantly personifies Autumn.   A personification is when an object or a concept is presented in such a way as to give life or human characteristics to the idea or concept.   Not only does Keats speak of Autumn as if it had life, (e.g., in lines 2 and 3, where he creates a friendship between Autumn and the sun, in which they "conspire" to "load and bless" the trees with ripe, bountiful fruit), but he also gives personality to the life-form Autumn.   He first defines Autumn as a "season of mist and mellow fruitfulness."   The references to both "mist" and "mellow... ...ch as funerals, or recessionals.   It is appropriate that this change of imagery into musical imagery in the final stanza because it is not only the end of the poem, but it is the description of the end of Autumn as well ("While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day").   The use of the word "soft" in "soft-dying day" helps to take away the "Grim Reaper" sense of death and define it as a natural, inevitable occurrence that ends a cycle.      The final line "and gathering swallows twitter in the skies" gives the reader a definite sense of ending (the swallows are preparing to migrate for the winter season).   At this point, the poem seems to comes to a rest, and this final line creates an effective sense of closure. Bibliography: "To Autumn". The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: W.W. norton, Inc., 2000.          Analysis of Keats' To Autumn Essay -- Keats To Autumn Essays Poetry Analysis of Keats' To Autumn  Ã‚   John Keats' poem To Autumn is essentially an ode to Autumn and the change of seasons. He was apparently inspired by observing nature; his detailed description of natural occurrences has a pleasant appeal to the readers' senses.   Keats also alludes to a certain unpleasantness connected to Autumn, and links it to a time of death.   However, Keats' association between stages of Autumn and the process of dying does not take away from the "ode" effect of the poem.      The three-stanza poem seems to create three distinct stages of Autumn:   growth,   harvest, and death.   The theme going in the first stanza is that Autumn is a season of fulfilling, yet the theme ending the final stanza is that Autumn is a season of dying.   However, by using the stages of Autumn's as a metaphor for the process of death, Keats puts the concept of death in a different, more favorable light.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the first stanza, the "growth" stanza, Keats appeals to our sense of visualization.   The reader pictures a country setting, such as a cottage with a yard full of fruit trees and flowers.   In his discussion of the effects of Autumn on nature, Keats brilliantly personifies Autumn.   A personification is when an object or a concept is presented in such a way as to give life or human characteristics to the idea or concept.   Not only does Keats speak of Autumn as if it had life, (e.g., in lines 2 and 3, where he creates a friendship between Autumn and the sun, in which they "conspire" to "load and bless" the trees with ripe, bountiful fruit), but he also gives personality to the life-form Autumn.   He first defines Autumn as a "season of mist and mellow fruitfulness."   The references to both "mist" and "mellow... ...ch as funerals, or recessionals.   It is appropriate that this change of imagery into musical imagery in the final stanza because it is not only the end of the poem, but it is the description of the end of Autumn as well ("While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day").   The use of the word "soft" in "soft-dying day" helps to take away the "Grim Reaper" sense of death and define it as a natural, inevitable occurrence that ends a cycle.      The final line "and gathering swallows twitter in the skies" gives the reader a definite sense of ending (the swallows are preparing to migrate for the winter season).   At this point, the poem seems to comes to a rest, and this final line creates an effective sense of closure. Bibliography: "To Autumn". The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: W.W. norton, Inc., 2000.         

Ideological Film Analysis Essay

Social inequality and inequity are rampant cases that can be depicted on the status quo. These actually act as perpetrators of intractable crimes in our social milieu. These are indeed the catalyze for the spread pf communicable disease in the society—-disparity. And even in the game of love, these have been proven to be the barrier that creates a greater disparity among the social statuses of our society. From the film entitled Wedding Crashers, the above-mentioned scenario was clearly exemplified. Having the fact that the two guys, who act as the wedding crashers, are commoners and the family of the girls they are eying for belong to the alta sociedad, the difference between the two becomes visible. When the two wedding crashers clashed with the daughter of a family under the â€Å"spell† of political realm, the two different worlds coincide portraying the different scenarios that truly happen in the society. The story is basically about a pair of friends who work in a law firm and were involved in various cases regarding divorce. This experience made them realize what wedding can only bring to them and doing serious about it is not their plan. Thus, the hobby of being wedding crashers become the outcome of their daily experience and seducing bridesmaids turn out to be a norm in their life. Until one day the partners in crime( Jeremy Klein and John Beckwith) bumped into the reality that not all of what they are doing will just lead them to a laugh-out-loud experience and endless cycle of seducing women. The comical life they always anticipate turns out to be a big chaos that both of them do not know how to give solution into it. Never did they imagine that a wrong party they will crush into will come along their way and make them decide to stop finally what they have planned and done habitually. The dilemma comes in when they crashed into the wedding party of the daughter of the Nation’s Secretary of Treasury and finally fell in love with two of its sisters, Gloria ad Claire Cleary- a primary rule they should never break but inevitably did. Belonging to the different â€Å"faces of the society† with different class status, political ideology, sociological   background an d points of view they are believing into, the the partners   in crime necessitate to decide whether or not they should   still fight for the what they think is right or for what everyone else dictates them to be right. Taking into consideration their routinary life of cashing into the the wedding, seducing and flirting with whoever girls will be attracted to their machismo, now being crucially involved in a family dominated by political realm, the best of friends have to made a choice whether to turn their back to what their â€Å"past life† brings them and finally embrace a new life tat is absolutely different from the one they get used to because of love. But little did they know that the past they are trying to escape from will be the hindrance that will jeopardize their   way towards pursuing their love. The film conveys the social milieu we are into: the art of seduction, the different social strata, the effectual influence of family upbringing and orientation, the dilemma between sincerity, mere attraction and plain sex, and the ambiguous disparity among working classes under the influence of politics. The film may portray a comical scenario that we do encounter in   our daily life. But that is only on the superficial part. What we do not see is the   depth of the issues behind all of the laughters and funny scenes. What we do not pay attention with is actually what we need to analyze in the movie. And what we do not hear after the jokes being cracked and humorous lined being   delivered is the true orientation of the disparity in the society. Appearance must not be regarded as the sole reality. Not all we perceive as humorous in the superficial part will still be consistent with that of the details we have not encounter yet. True, the movie is funny! To crash into a wedding just to seduce women might seem just like an ordinary scene in the society. But to crash into a wedding of a high-class family belonging to a famous political icon and fell in love inevitably to its daughter is another story. The disparity in the society surreptitiously reeks everywhere. And an effective panacea for this malady only lies in our intellectual judgment and   doing away from the superficial depiction of the reality. And of course, not just mere perceiving that humorous thing cannot encounter a dilemma brought by the social inequity.

A Glimpse Into the Mind of a Madman essays

A Glimpse Into the Mind of a Madman essays A Glympse Into the World of a Mad Man On the first page of his book about the Manson Family murders Vincent Bugliosi warns, "the story in which you are about to read will scare the Hell out of you" (Bugliosi 1). This statement could not be more true. There have been many mass murders and serial killers throughout history, none however, have been as sick and twisted as Charles Manson. From 1969 until 1971 his was the story that captivated the nation. Manson and his followers committed a spree of murders which shocked the world and left everyone Charles Manson was born November 12, 1934 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Manson never knew his father and never had a real father figure; he was the illegitimate child of a promiscuous sixteen year-old, Kathleen Maddox. Maddox would leave for days and weeks at a time, leaving young Charlie with his grandparents and aunt. Once she even sold him for a pitcher of beer. Charlie and his mother were eating at a cafe one afternoon when their waitress jokingly offered to buy Charlie. His mother replied, "a pitcher of beer and he's yours." The waitress brought the beer and Manson was left behind in the cafe. Charlie's uncle found him several days later and brought him home (Bardsley). After growing up in an environment like this, it is not hard to see why Manson may have turned out the way he did. At age nine, Charlie was caught stealing and sent to reform school. From then until present Manson has spent the vast majority of his sixty-seven years on Earth in some sort of reformatory, for crimes ranging from stealing and robbing to pimping and killing (Bardsley). For the next several years Charlie was in and out of prison, mostly for petty crimes. When he was released from prison in 1967 he went to San Francisco and fell in with the hippie scene. There, Manson began to attract an almost cult following. He used LSD and marijuana to brainwash these fol...

buy custom The Concept of Leadership Traits essay

buy custom The Concept of Leadership Traits essay Leadership traits can be defined as the inbuilt patterns of individual characteristics that depict varying character differences and further reliability leader effectiveness across a range of organizational or groups situations. A successful leader is always associated with traits like integrity, commitments to growth, readiness to take risks, responsibility, pragmatism, and at the same time such person is vision oriented, self-assured, hardworking, emotionally intelligent, able to engage others in work, industrious, and optimistic. The particular characteristics possessed by an individual are very important in determining what kind of a leader one can be. Personality and intelligence are some of the significance traits that one can have. The term personality implies the uniqueness of an individual that is responsible for the constant ways of thoughts, sensation and behavior. There are many different types of personalities most of which are not appropriate for a leader. A successful leader is identified with such certain traits as extraversion, agreeableness, emotional stability, openness to new constancy, and conscientiousness. The term extraversion refers to the characteristic of one, who has the associative traits of being talkative, self-assured, energetic, and always having the urge to appear on stage. A person with this kind of trait always tries to dominate over his or her fellows. Being agreeable has a meaning of being attentive to needs of others, considerate, pleasant, trusting, and appreciative. Extroverts have the ability to have more associates than introverts. Being highly agreeable makes one to have more friends as this creates a favorable environment for association. Emotional stability, the degree to which a person stays cool even under tight conditions and is able to handle tough situations, is necessary for success as a leader. A leader who is open to new changes and experiences is ready for success. This is due to the fact that he or she will be able bring innovation by proving to be insightful and providing the staff with imaginative ideas and wide areas of interest to work on. The perso nality, conscientiousness and diigence are also necessary. This implies one having the qualities to plan and achieve through being organized. This trait is very important as it carries the weight of other traits such as integrity, pragmatism, vision-orientation, responsibility, commitment to growth and enthusiasm. The level of leader intelligence is an important factor in determining the kind of a leader one is. A high degree of intelligence is needed for one to become a successful leader. Super leaders are not born bright, but aim to become bright (Goleman, 1995). A leader should be able to determine the vision of a business, as he or she is the foundation of a viable business advantage. He or she should be able to read the moods of a business and determine what is best for the team. Helping the team to achieve their personal goals should be an aim, as it results into a highly competitive business. The most important kind of leadership intelligence for a successful leader is the emotional intelligence, which combines competencies. It describes the ability of a leader to be self-aware, have social skills like giving the attractive responses, be empathetic, motivate others, and lastly be able to self-manage oneself. Furthermore, successful leaders are willing to learn and take risks, as long as the final result is to favor the business. There are various theories and studies that discuss leadership traits. Amongst them are the Trait theory, Behavioral theories, The Great Man theory, Situation theories, Contingency theories, Relationships theories, Management theories and Participation theories. The Trait theory basically suggests that already at birth leaders have certain traits associated with proficient leadership. This implies that leadership traits are naturally part of someone from birth. This theory assumes that leaders are born and not made. It could be true for some leaders to have developed the leadership characteristics from their childhood, but it is still questionable. Some leaders realize their potentials when grown up. This theory identifies potential leaders. The second theory is the Behavioral theory, whhich suggests that upcoming leaders can be trained by the leadership preparation competencies to become effective leaders. After the training, they can become the best ever leaders. It is based on the belief that leaders are made through training and exposure, and not born like that. It notes that the leadership capabilities can be arrived at by learning and not through inheritance. The theory is easy to develop and eases the assessment of leaders actions and success. While the Trait theory advocates for potential leaders, this theory advocates for the behaviors that lead to a successful leader. Theory X and Y is a Trait theory proposed by Douglas McGregor in 1960. This theory compares two groups of individuals. X is viewed as an individual who dislikes to work and works on subjection to strict conditions, always wants to be directed, dislikes responsibilities, and has a feeling of safety at work. Y has the qualities that are contrary to those of X, which are needed for successful leadership. X is attributed to hard and low level work, while Y is attributed to solving complex tasks and high ranks. This theory tends to prove that leadership is an innate predisposition that one has. Basing on the Contingency theories, we propose Exposure Theory. In this theory, we suggest that great leaders are produced as a result of exposing oneself to an environment with the required leadership. Those individuals who are born in families of high profile leaders and those who naturally associate with proficient leaders make good leaders by learning to emulate their style. The unexposed ones remain to be wishers of leadership, but have no way of acquiring the traits due to the fact that they cannot learn them. Some individuals have the ability to be good leaders but lack the possibilities to learn. The good leaders excel in education and exposure to the environments. Leadership is what you make it. One who aspires to be a leader and works towards achieving this goal is more likely to be one. Becoming a successful leader means having the necessary characteristic traits, such as intelligence, personalities and other quality leadership skills. Buy custom The Concept of Leadership Traits essay

FBIs background on the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Research Paper

FBIs background on the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act - Research Paper Example However, the young bureau landed him in the federal prison. The more the state of Chicago banned organized crimes; the more novel groups of organized crime rose and prospered immensely. These were the racketeers, gangsters and hoodlums. The rackets used coercions of vehemence to force businesses to ante up a percentage of their proceeds for â€Å"protection†. Charles â€Å"Lucky† Luciano was a New York resident. He arose to supremacy in the Mafia and molded it into a designed, undisclosed society of criminals. This eventually came to be known as the organized crime that we know of today. The young bureau was therefore faced with a challenge of establishing a valuable weapon against these criminal rings. Precise information was deliberated to be the valuable weapon against the organized crime. The young bureau investigated specifics on the key players of these criminal rings, their intertwining networks, maneuvers as well as competencies. The Chicago agents built this foundation of knowledge via informers and other contacts. A far-reaching directory of pictures and background of more than three hundred of the tarnished criminals and associates of their gang was equally obtained. In 1930s, the rackets in Chicago extorted money from electric sign companies, candy jobbers, and dental laboratories. They were however laid bare by the young bureau. This helped to paint a picture of the menace for all law enforcement officers. The young bureau plotted out the influences of these criminals. They also uncovered the promoters of the organized crimes, for example, the money launderers and fences. This formally marked the commencement of the fight against organized crime. The young bureau started constructing the criminal just support system in partnership with their law enforcement officers. This heightened a synchronized, coated attack against both criminal and terrorist networks. Wide-ranging training for law enforcement professionals was also

The Alarming Increase of Children Diagnosed with Autism Essay

The Alarming Increase of Children Diagnosed with Autism - Essay Example What is autism? Recognized a half century ago (Hanchette), Autism is a developmental disorder that has been deemed very severe and begins anytime between the birth of the child and 2 Â ½ years of age. These children are normal in appearance, but they will engage in various disturbing behaviors that are obviously different than the behaviors of normal children. There are also varying degrees of autism. Those who have less severe cases may be diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) or Asperger’s Syndrome in which the child may have normal speech, but display some social and behavioral problems that are associated with autism (unknown, autism.com/autism). But believe it or not, it was once believed that autism was to be accepted as is because it was thought that nothing could be done about it. But now there have been a variety of treatment methods developed which have proven to be very helpful in leading to great improvement. Yet there is also the unfortunate fact that some treatments may have little or no effect at all on the autistic child (unknown, autism.com/autism). So why was autism thought to be hopeless? Well, for many years autism was thought to be a very rare occurrence. The average number of children born with autism was 5 out of every 10,000 live births (unknown, autism.com/autism). But since the 1990’s, there has been a very noticeable rise in the number of children developing autism. This rise is telling us that there is an average of 60 children out of 10,000 born with autism in which boys outnumber the girls four to one. As of 2007, the Centers for Disease Control reported that 1 in 150 children are diagnosed with autism (unknown, autism.com/autism). To think that in 1992 there were only 2,800 kids with autism in the entire state of California. When 2002 rolled around, that number had increased to 20,400 and as of 2004, the number of autistic children in California reached a staggering 24,000. That is a 440% increase between the years 1994 and 2004. New York is up 200% in the last decade and Pennsylvania has reached a 900% incr ease (Hanchette). It is very obvious with the latest statistics that autism is undergoing a significant rise, which makes it very important that the behavioral and physical signs are recognized as early as possible to ensure the appropriate treatment is administered. It is said that the sooner the child is treated, the better the outcome. With increased awareness of the signs and treatment being administered early, there are autistic children attending regular classrooms and some can live somewhat independently in a community setting. However, autistic people do not lose the impairment that comes along with autism that affects their ability to communicate and socialize successfully. This aspect, unfortunately, continues to haunt them for the duration of their lives. Behavioral signs of autism There are various behavioral signs associated with autism. These signs include: repetitive behaviors, lack of speech, withdrawal from parents or siblings, very little or no social interaction (Hanchette). If the child displays no big smiles or other expressions of joy by six months old, then that is a huge red flag. Another sign is if they do not share facial expressions, sounds or smiles, or if the child has not spoken by 16 months or has used multiple worded phrases with meaning by 24 months, those could all be